Anole Annals

Following on from the last Anolis Symposium, held at the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Gardens, Miami FL, from 17-18 March 2018, we solicited submissions for the next issue of the Anolis Newsletter. We now finally have them all together! The newsletter represents an informal forum for the presentation of data and discussion of theory relevant to anoles. It serves three functions: to allow investigators to inform others of their current and future research; to provide an outlet for speculation and theoretical musings perhaps inappropriate for publication in more formal venues; and to give an opportunity to present data and ideas that otherwise might never be distributed. As with previous newsletters, there is a general request that nothing said herein be quoted without the authors’ express permission.

Spanning 333 pages, including 47 separate articles, I can now bring you the Anolis Newsletter VII!

Click this link here to access a PDF copy.

As always, you can also find links to PDF’s of all editions of the Anolis Newsletters (1972-2019) at the dedicated page on the Losos Lab website:
https://sites.wustl.edu/losos/home/anolis-newsletters-2/

Here’s a rundown of the articles included in Edition VII:

Yasel U. Alfonso and Dennis D. Ávila
Ectoparasite-host relationships: a case study of Anolis lizard ecomorphs on southeastern  Cuba

Yasel U. Alfonso, Javier Torre, and Daniel J. Paluh
The bizarre false-chameleons (clade Chamaeleolis, Anolis) from Cuba

Andrew C. Battles
How do anoles respond to urbanization? A summary of Ph.D. research on ecology and thermal biology in Anolis in Miami, FL

Winter A. Beckles
Variation in habitat lighting may mediate the persistence of dewlap color polymorphism
in South Florida bark anoles

Tom W. Brown
Conservation concerns for loyal lizards: Habitat specificity, site fidelity, a localised territory and in-situ growth rates for Anolis bicaorum (Squamata; Dactyloidae), endemic to Isla de Utila, Honduras

Stephanie L. Clements, Shantel Catania, and Christopher A. Searcy
Non-native species dominate herpetofaunal community patterns in both native and non-native habitat patches in urban Miami-Dade County

Rachel E. Cohen
Anole behavioral neuroendocrinology.

Jens De Meyer, Colin M. Donihue, Daniel Scantlebury, Julienne Ng, Rich E. Glor, Jonathan B. Losos, and Anthony J. Geneva
Protocol for setting up and rearing a successful lizard room

Colin M. Donihue and Anthony Herrel
A report on Anolis nubilus from the now rat-free island of Redonda

J. Sean Doody, Sean Sullivan, and Deby Cassill
Plasticity in hatching of anoles

Claire Dufour
Ongoing and future research on Anolis

A. C. Echternacht
Anolis research in the Echternacht Lab

Sean T. Giery and James T. Stroud
Geographic variation in trophic ecology of the Brown anole (Anolis sagrei): species-rich
communities are composed of more diverse populations

Joshua M. Hall, Timothy S. Mitchell, and Daniel A. Warner
The brown anole (Anolis sagrei) as a model for studying life-history adaptation to seasonality

Emma A. Higgins, Adam C. Algar, and Doreen S. Boyd
Revealing controls on abundance and microhabitat use of Anolis lizards in a changing
island landscape using airborne remote sensing

Michele A. Johnson
The potential for large-scale behavioral studies: A call to Anolis field biologists

Janson Jones
Beneath the Spanish moss: Growing up with Anolis in Florida. A photographic naturalist’s perspective

Masakado Kawata
Collaborative research projects on Anolis lizards in Cuba

Oriol Lapiedra
The ecological and evolutionary consequences of behavior in a changing Planet

Oliver Ljustina and James T. Stroud
Little evidence for size-structured habitat use in a diverse Anolis community

Michael L. Logan
Using transplant experiments to understand adaptation and speciation in anoles

Jonathan B. Losos
Anolis research in the Losos Lab

Inbar Maayan
A case study of character displacement and phylogeography of Jamaican anoles

D. Catalina Mantilla, Samuel D. Morales, Rafael Parra-Medina, and James T. Stroud
Histopathology of large epidermal cysts on the invasive Puerto Rican Crested Anole
(Anolis cristatellus) in Miami, Florida, USA

Gregory C. Mayer and Tony Gamble
Using archival DNA to elucidate anole phylogeny

Gregory C. Mayer and Jonathan B. Losos
Anoles not found

Walter E. Meshaka, Jr
The winds of stability: A south Florida residential Anolis assemblage over time

Walter E. Meshaka, Jr
What are the ecological costs and benefits to northern geographic expansion by a
successful anole?

Tim Mitchell
A call for more long-term studies of plasticity in anoles

Caitlin C. Mothes, James T. Stroud, Stephanie L. Clements, and Christopher A. Searcy
Predicting the invasion dynamics of anoles (and other lizards) using ecological niche
modeling

Julienne Ng, Daniel J. MacGuigan, Audrey L. Kelly, and Richard E. Glor
Do male-male interactions drive changes in dewlap size?

Stuart V. Nielsen, Aaron M. Bauer, and Tony Gamble
Natural History Note: Anolis sagrei foraging on a patch of obvious prey

Joanna Palade, Kenro Kusumi, Alan Rawls, and Jeanne Wilson-Rawls
Satellite cells demonstrate expanded musculoskeletal potential

Ivan Prates
Using mainland anole genomes to understand habitat shifts through time

Ashley M. Rasys, James D. Lauderdale, and Douglas B. Menke
Establishment of genome editing methods in Anolis sagrei

Liam J. Revell
Can we detect differences in the rate of discrete character evolution between clades of
anoles?

M. Christine Rose-Smyth
Role of a sweet-toothed anole (Anolis conspersus) in orchid pollination

James T. Stroud
Using introduced anoles as natural experiments in ecology and evolution

James T. Stroud
Thoughts on the ecology and evolution of anoles; insights from 5 years of meandering
strolls

Lindsey Swierk
Ongoing research on the ecology and behavior of Anolis aquaticus

Sarin (Putter) Tiatragul and Daniel A. Warner
Beating the Heat: nest characteristics of anoles across suburban and forest habitats in
South Miami

Javier Torres
Sterility in odd-looking Anolis mestrei (Dactyloidae) living in sympatry with trunkground
anoles

Nathan W. Turnbough
Are anole appetites altering ambient ant assemblages?

Kamau Walker, Andrew C. Battles, and James T. Stroud
Inter-specific predation bteween two eco-morphologically similar Anolis lizards

Kristin M. Winchell
Urban habitats: A natural experiment perfect for anoles

Amber N. Wright
Some thoughts on the use of experimental enclosures for studying anoles

Cindy Xu, Elizabeth D. Hutchins, Minami A. Tokuyama, Jason M. Newbern, and Kenro
Kusumi
Identifying molecular and cellular mechanisms of tail regeneration in anoles

Anyone who has worked with anoles in the field can tell you that during the breeding season, you can see these lizards mating pretty frequently. In fact, brown anoles are so promiscuous they have one of the highest rates of multiple paternity in vertebrates! In addition to this, females can store sperm for months at a time, which suggests that this group probably experiences a lot of sperm competition. We know from other groups that sperm competition can lead to the evolution of lots of interesting and diverse traits, but we know relatively little about how sperm competition targets these traits in anoles (though see Klaczko et al’s 2015 paper about the rate of genital evolution in anoles). 

Some of our previous work has shown that sperm size and sperm count are correlated with reproductive success in the lab, but it’s unclear how these important components of male reproductive success evolve. To explore this, we collected data on testis size (as a proxy for sperm production/sperm count), and sperm morphology (measuring the sperm head, midpiece and tail) for 26 species of anoles. We hypothesized that if testis size had a higher rate of evolution than sperm morphology, sperm competition likely targets sperm count over sperm size.

In fact, we found that testis size evolves much faster than sperm morphology, confirming our hypothesis. We also found that within the sperm, the midpiece (which contains the mitochondria) evolves 2-3 times faster than the rest of the sperm cell. This is maybe unsurprising, considering that the midpiece size is correlated with reproductive success in brown anoles, and is often associated with sperm longevity and sperm velocity in other species.

 

You can read the pre-print from JEB below!

Kahrl, AF, Johnson, MA, and Cox, RM. 2019.Rapid evolution of testis size relative to sperm morphology suggests that postcopulatory selection targets sperm number in Anolis lizards. Journal of Evolutionary Biology.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.13414

A new book on lizard behavior has an anole gracing the cover (who can guess the species?) and an all-star cast of contributors, including a number familiar to AA faithful (see Table of Contents below). The book is due out in a month, but you can go ahead and pre-order it. Sadly, it’s priced in the stratosphere: $159 for the 400 page volume. Let’s hope for a paperback edition!

Sure, they mostly live on the other side(s) of the world, they use sounds rather than dewlaps, and you mostly see them at night.

But some anoles you could only spot at night!

And geckos are mostly tropical! And there are a lot of them! And they don’t like to lay many eggs at a time – heck, some of them even have dewlaps! And they have radiated like crazy (1860 species and counting).

Want to know more? Want to tell us more?

See you in Tel Aviv, Israel, at the end of May 2019 at Gekkota Mundi II: the second conference for gecko biologists from around the world

For more details write us:  gekkotamundi19@gmail.com

or see: https://gekkotamundi-ii.weebly.com/

 

In a study hot off the press, Gilles de Meester and colleagues examine the phylogenetic distribution of brain size across squamates (lizards and snakes; you can find a reference and a link to the study at the bottom). In it, the authors explore the hypothesis that larger brains evolved to allow organisms to better manage environmental complexity, through enhanced cognition and behavioral flexibility. Despite years of hypothesis testing on the subject, there is no clear consensus about its validity. De Meester et al. join the quest and investigate the relationship of brain size in 171 squamate species (including 8 anoles!) to habitat type and degree of sociality. The punchline is that snakes are the pea-brains of the squamate world. Unexpectedly, there was a strong positive relationship between degree of sociality and brain size, such that solitary species had the largest brains. And, perhaps less supported but still a trend; arboreal species generally have the largest brains, while fossorial species (those that burrow and live in the leaf litter) have the smallest.

From De Meester et al.: Ancestral state reconstruction of relative brain size (residuals of the brain to body mass regression) along the nodes and branches of the phylogenetic tree of 171 species of Squamata. Sphenodon punctatus is included as an outgroup. Species with positive residuals (blue) have large brains relative to their body size, whereas species with negative residuals (yellow–red) have small brains relative to their body size. Results were visualized using the contMap function in R (package phytools; Revell, 2012) 

But, I hear you say, what of the anoles? Well, Neotropical species had the largest brains of any biogeographical region, and anoles specifically are exceptionally big brained. In fact, on delving into the supplementary material — in which De Meester et al. provide wonderful access into the brain size data that they accumulated — it reveals that Anolis stratulus, the Puerto Rican trunk-crown spotted anole, has the relatively largest brain size of any squamate!

Here is a crude figure I just whipped up from the De Meester et al. dataset. As it shows, anoles perform very well in the brain size department relative to both all squamates and within lizards specifically. Although the American green anole (A. carolinensis) does let the team down slightly…

You can read the study in full following the link below!

Gilles De Meester, Katleen Huyghe, Raoul Van Damme. 2019. Brain size, ecology and sociality: a reptilian perspective. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, bly206.
https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly206

 

 

From the archives. One of the greatest <i>Anole Annals</i> posts of all times, because why not?

“You’ve gotta see this!” my fiancé Mark called to me one morning.  He was outside, which could mean only one thing: a wildlife encounter was underway.  Living in a semi-rural neighborhood in Florida, you never knew what you would see, from a mated pair of Sandhill Cranes walking down the street with their young, to Gopher Tortoises excavating burrows in the front yard.

I walked downstairs to the concrete area under our elevated house where Mark was staring at something on the ground.  I looked down to see a frog (Cuban Treefrog) with the tail of an A. carolinensis protruding from its gullet.

“I knew that lizard,” Mark said forlornly.

Read More

I wanted to share an observation of communal basking of the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) from the western Highland Rim of Tennessee. The locality is near the northern extent of their range in middle Tennessee. On a warm January day this winter, I observed six (6) individuals basking in close proximity along an exposed tree branch. The overwintering habitat was a south-facing road cut.

Has anyone else observed this type of “communal” basking of anoles, either in the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) or other species?

 

Shelby Irwin, a junior in Michele Johnson’s lab at Trinity University, presented a poster on her summer research in Thomas Sanger’s lab at Loyola University examining hatchling behavior in Anolis sagrei after incubation in thermally stressful conditions. In the lab, Irwin and colleagues incubated A. sagrei eggs under a standard (27°C) and elevated (34°C) thermal regimes to investigate impacts on hatchling phenotype and behavior.

It has been previously noted that thermal stress during development can affect craniofacial development, but Shelby was interested in if there was also an impact on behavior of hatchlings. After hatching, lizards from both the standard and elevated thermal regimes were run through a gambit of exploratory (prey interactions, novel object, and open-field test) and social trials (conspecific and predator interactions). They found that “hot” hatchlings were less aggressive and exhibited less exploratory behaviors. Their findings add to the growing body of research investigating the impacts of a warming world, particularly with regards to sensitive periods in thermally sensitive species.

 

Recent increases in non-native species introductions by humans have spurred a flurry of research examining the subsequent impacts of species invasions. However, often times non-native species introductions go unnoticed until the species is already established. When predicting the effects of a species invasion, it is important to understand how population demographics change during the colonization and establishment stages. Amélie Fargevieille addressed this issue in her talk entitled “Population demographics of an invasive lizard following experimental introduction on small islands.”

 

Fargevieille and colleagues released adult Anolis sagrei onto islands off the northeast coast of Florida prior to the reproductive season and monitored survival and reproduction over the first reproductive season. The total density of lizards introduced to islands were the same, but four of their islands were introduced with male-biased populations and four with female-biased populations. They then examined the survival and reproduction of the descendants of the founding populations over the next two years. They found that male-biased and female-biased founding populations did not differ in survival rates. In addition, across all islands, juveniles had the highest mortality, which suggests that the ecological factors facilitating or deterring colonization in the earliest stages following an introduction play an important role in invasion biology. Looking forward to future work from Fargevieille and colleagues in the Warner lab!