Anole Annals

A copy of the toe clipping scheme resides inside the egg log as a quick reference when clipping or ID-ing babies.

In a recent post on marking methods for field studies, Yoel made mention of the technique we use here in the lab: toe clipping. It is true, as Yoel stated, that this is not an ideal method for lizards in field studies due to the difficulty of identifying the numbers from afar and the chance loss of toes in a rough lizard life. However, for the purposes of the lab, toe clipping has proven to be an easy and effective method of identification. After looking into a few schemes used by other researchers, I settled on a pattern that allows for numbers 0-1999 and involves clipping at most two toes on each foot. With such high egg production over the past year in the lab, it is looking like the next round of breeding will require an adjustment to allow for numbers 0-9999, but the original scheme is serving its purpose for the moment.

Anoles (and Alligators) Give a New View on the Evolution of Vertebrate Eevelopment

By Kenro Kusumi

On December 22, 2011

In Anole Genome Research, New Research, Research Methods

One of the key features of vertebrates is the backbone, which is formed in development by a clock-like segmentation process called somitogenesis. Most of what we know about the genes that control somitogenesis comes from studies of just 4 vertebrate species–the mouse, the chicken, the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), and the zebrafish. Until now, we haven’t had a good window into the evolution of somitogenesis from the perspective of a non-avian reptile. The green anole (Anolis carolinensis) is now providing this perspective as a 5^th model system for molecular developmental studies.

In a recently published paper (Eckalbar et al., Developmental Biology, 2012), we have shown that green anole embryos share molecular features of somitogenesis with the mouse and the chicken, which are also amniotes. Surprisingly, the green anole also retains expression patterns that match those of the non-amniote species, Xenopus and zebrafish, and that have been lost in the mouse and chick. The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), which together with birds are classified in a group called the Archosauria, are intermediate in somitogenesis features between anoles and chicken. These findings reshape our view of what was happening in the backbone development of the amniote ancestor, the first vertebrate whose eggs were fully adapted for life on land.

For those in the anole research community, RNA-Seq transcriptome data sets (Illumina HiSeq2000; 28 and 38 somite-pair stages) have been released together with this paper. Transcriptome data links can be found at the AnolisGenome portal and also directly from the NIH Gene Expression Omnibus. We aim to get more transcriptome sequence to the Anolis research community in 2012.

Anoles on HerpNet

By Anthony J Geneva

On December 22, 2011

In Research Methods

Anolis species in HerpNet wordcloud, name size is plotted to be proportional to the number of records on HerpNet for that species

Because I’m a big fan of obtaining data from public databases I’m writing another post on availability of anole data from huge bioinformatic databases. This time, I’ll discuss the NSF-funded database of amphibian and reptile museum records known as HerpNet. I found an astonishing 142,225 unique Anolis specimen records on HerpNet, including 602 unique binomials. The over-abundance of names relative to recognized species is due largely to lots of misspellings (I found five different spellings for vermiculatus and four for valencienni). An interesting side note on how errors in electronic databases can propagate themselves: One individual of Anolis sagifer appears in the MCZ (catalog #45484). You can see the original catalog entry here. This entry was mis-transcribed, likely when the database was digitized. That in term led to it’s presence on the MVZ website and HerpNet, and also spawned search pages on GBIF and ITIS.

Many of the five most common species on HerpNet are also among the most common on GenBank; A. sagrei (13040), distichus (8944), carolinensis (8270), cristatellus (7126), cybotes (7106). A. krugi (number 2 in terms of sequences on Genbank) falls to #22 on the HerpNet list. Lots of interesting questions could be addressed using these HerpNet records. For example, we could use these records to thoroughly investigate how new anole names have accumulated and been used over time. Has species discovery/description been leveling off? HerpNet records could also be used to consider how the anole research community’s interests have changed over time and how specific policies have impacted anole collecting? How, for example, has the US embargo of Cuba impacted collection of Cuban specimens?

The more interesting applications of the HerpNet database will come from a careful consideration of the data associated with individual specimen records. A number of efforts, for example, are already underway to use the thousands of georeferenced locality records for anoles included in the HerpNet database to address questions about geographic range and community evolution.

Kings of Greater Antillean Anole Taxonomy V: Orlando Garrido

By Rich Glor

On December 21, 2011

In Classics from the Literature

The last of the five kings described more new anoles than any of the others: Orlando Garrido. Garrido is unique among the five in two ways. First, he’s still alive, still active, and still making contributions to our understanding of anole diversity. Second, he’s actually a citizen of a Greater Antillean country: Cuba.

Garrido is often recognized as Cuba’s greatest naturalist. In addition to his impressive body of work with reptiles, he has made many other important contributions to our understanding of Cuban nature, including the spectacular “Field Guide to the Birds of Cuba.” His successes are a testament to how far science has come since Barbour’s time, when practicing science in the West Indies required a wealthy North American pedigree. I’ve credited Garrido with a whopping 24 species, all from his native Cuba.

Name the Species

By Joe Burgess

On December 20, 2011

In Anole Annals Trivia

The following West Indian species are common in their appropriate island habitats, but these here may not look typical for their species. Either the form is a geographic color morph or just kind of non representive of the species.

For some of you sage anolologists this may be somewhat easy, however I’d be curious to know how good some of you are…

I will provide answers in a few days. Have fun.

1.

2.

3.

Green Anole Makes Scariest Ectotherm List

By Jonathan Losos

On December 20, 2011

In Anoles in Commerce

Doing a little holiday shopping yesterday at Barnes & Noble and came across Snakes and Reptiles: The Scariest Cold-Blooded Creatures on Earth on the bargain table. The drawings are charming and the material seems pretty factual (from a quick skim), but most importantly, an anole was included! At only $9.98, it seemed like a bargain, and you can get it for even less at Barnes & Noble’s website. Looks like a good present for young herpetologists or even older ones.

Happy Chanukah!

By ryanelogsdon

On December 20, 2011

In Anole Art, Literature, and Humor

Best Header Contest: Final Vote!

By Rich Glor

On December 20, 2011

In All Posts

Congratulations to Neil Losin for winning the second round of our header photo contest with his image of A. sagrei from South Miami. In an effort to be inclusive, I’ve included the top six photographers from each of the first two rounds in the final vote. Ramon E. Martínez-Grimaldo’s image in the first round slaughtered the competition with 136 votes (the next highest vote getter had 26 votes); will his image of A. isthmicus take home the grand prize?

Brown Anoles on Hawaii and Battle of the Intercontinental Convergents

By Jonathan Losos

On December 19, 2011

In Introduced Anoles, New Research

A brown anole from Lanai. Photo from http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/04/28/725559/-Dove-Porn,-Avian-Conflict-and-Lanai-Dragons-A-Photo-Diary

Colonizer extraordinaire A. sagrei has been known from the Hawaiian islands since 1980 and has become established on not only Oahu, where it first appeared, but also on Kauai and Maui. Now Mautz and Shaffer report in the December, 2011 issue of Herpetological Review that it has become established in several locations on the Big Island (Hawaii).

First detected in the lush plantings of several resorts, Mautz and Shaffer figured plant nurseries were probably the culprit for their spread, as they have been elsewhere. When they visited a local garden store, sure enough, the brown anoles were there in abundance.

Indeed, where the brown anoles were found, which was not everywhere, they clearly were well-established. At one site, two observers found 26 brownies in a 1 hour, 45 minute visit, whereas at another site in only 47 minutes, 62 adult and juvenile browns were seen.

Mautz and Shaffer conclude: “Given the current limited distribution of A. sagrei on Hawaii Island, we strongly recommend that immediate action be taken to eradicate it before it can spread further.” But I’d wager that it’s too late. Brown anoles breed like rabbits and are wilier than coyotes–I’d predict that nothing less than a scorched earth policy would be able to eradicate them.

The gold dust gecko in Hawaii. Photo from http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3060/ 2995054890_c987b2294c.jpg

Mautz and Shaffer’s article raises another interesting point about the Hawaiian herpetofauna.

The Kings of West Indian Anole Taxonomy IV: Albert Schwartz

By Rich Glor

On December 19, 2011

In Classics from the Literature

I’ve credited the fourth king of Greater Antillean anole taxonomy – Albert Schwartz – with describing eight Greater Antillean anole species. The period during which Schwartz’s career overlapped with Williams’s and that of the fifth yet-t0-be-revealed king were the glory years of Greater Antillean anole taxonomy. Over a little more than a decade in the late 1960s through the 1970s, these three figures described over 10 species, including some of the last new species discovered on Hispaniola and Jamaica. The activities of these three key figures were highly synergistic; Schwartz and Williams often contributed to one another’s work and divvied up projects to mutual benefit (even though they never described an anole species together) and Schwartz was a junior coauthor with the fifth king on several species descriptions.

After graduating with a PhD from the University of Michigan, Schwartz spent the majority of his academic career at Miami Dade Community College, an institution known more for its massive enrollment than for its faculty’s contributions to systematics. Early in his career, Schwartz worked primarily in Cuba, resulting in the description of three species, including two locally restricted species related to the Cuban crown-giant anole Anolis equestris (baracoae and smallwoodi) and a widespread trunk-ground species (jubar) that is the xeric forest counterpart to another widespread Cuban trunk-ground anole found primarily in mesic environments (homolechis). Schwartz would later devote his attention to Hispaniola, ultimately describing five species from both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. As was the case with Williams, many of the Hispaniola taxa that Schwartz described were unusual montane endemics (rimarum, fowleri, sheplani, and eugenegrahami).