Year: 2014 Page 19 of 31

More Missing Limbs and a Lizard Slumber Party

Several days ago, I reported on skeletal anomalies from this year’s trip to the Bahamas and wondered what cool stuff we might see next. Much to my surprise, the next surprise turned up the very next day, in the form of Mexican anole maestro Levi Gray, making his first appearance in the Caribbean. Welcome to the big leagues, Levi!

The next night, Levi strolled down to our place to do some night herping–and wouldn’t you know?–en route the very first Anolis smaragdinus he had ever seen turned out to be of the three-footed variety. Add another example to our parade of limb-reduced anoles.

smaragdinus bahamasx

Later on, while out looking for more greens, we came across this pair of lizards snoozing.

sagrei sleeping threesomex

But closer examination shows that that’s not a pair, but a trio, with one anole sleeping on top of another. Now, that’s something I’ve never seen before!

sagrei doubledeckerx

Lastly, my favorite shots of the trip, now finished.

Anolis sagrei. Photo by Jonathan Losos

Anolis sagrei. Photo by Jonathan Losos

Anolis distichus. Photo Jonathan Losos

Anolis distichus. Photo Jonathan Losos

Anolis smaragdinus. Photo by Jonathan Losos

Anolis smaragdinus. Photo by Jonathan Losos

curlyx

 

 

Anole Phylogeny Activity for High School/College Level

phylogeny-example-geography-color

Hello, Anole Annals readers,

I work for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science Education Department. To support the anole film that Jonathan Losos talked about on this post, we developed a classroom activity to explore the morphology and the phylogeny of Caribbean anoles using photographs and DNA sequences. The resources are available from our BioInteractive.org website.

Students are given color photographs to sort different anole species into ecomorphs. Having grouped the species, they use an online phylogeny tool to build a phylogenetic tree from the DNA sequences from the same species. The results show that different species from the same islands cluster together, independent of the ecomorphs, suggesting that the ecomorphs are examples of convergent evolution. I’m sure Anole Annals readers are well-versed in this, but we tried to make the research accessible to high school teachers and students. Teachers are always looking for evolution resources that use actual DNA sequences.

Anole trading cards, used in the classroom exercises.

Anole trading cards, used in the classroom exercises.

Bahamian Lizards Reduce the Amplitude of Their Headbobs in the Presence of Predators

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The Anolis literature is replete with examples of lizards altering the properties of movement-based displays in response to fluctuations in environmental conditions. Anoles modulate head-bob amplitude based on social context (Fleishman 1988) and social spacing (Stamps and Barlow 1973, Steinberg & Leal 2013), and head-bob speed based on background vegetation motion (Ord et al. 2007) and many other habitat variables (e.g., Ord et al. 2010). Our recent paper adds predation pressure to this growing list of factors that might affect the signal properties of anoles.

Spotlight on Cuban Anoles, IV: Anolis allisoni

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Anolis allisoni, close relative of our friendly neighborhood A. carolinensis, is a remarkable lizard. It’s also no stranger to Anole Annals, and the populations found off the coast of Honduras were just featured here. We saw a lot of these lizards in Cuba, and the post is pretty picture heavy, so join us after the jump for blue-headed lizards.

Blue Head, Pink Dewlap

…can mean only one thing: Anolis allisoni. I’ve been trawling through twitter today. Searching on “anole” is no longer useful–the term’s been hijacked by very exuberant tweeters talking about the comic book character’s latest sexploits, but a search on “Anolis” still yields dividends. Including a nice article, in Spanish, on A. allisoni from the Cayos Cochinos off the coast of Honduras (discussed previously on AA). Included are some nice photos, like the one above, and several videos.

Fearless Brown Anole

Or should I say, festive anole? I’ve come to realize that the Anolis sagrei re-branding scheme is taking off. In any case, Janson Jones has a nice, short festive anole story on today’s issue of Dust Tracks on the Web. Head over there to check it out.

Anole Performance Meta-analysis!

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.528/full

Example of a three-task Pareto front in a 3D morphospace, Figure 9 in Sheftel et al 2013.

 

I want all of your old performance data.

Who am I? I am a Ph.D. student and the thrust of my dissertation project is to arrive at a better understanding of how selection, trade-offs and constraints act on suites of performance traits, leading to adaptive phenotypic shifts in populations and, ultimately, evolutionary change. I am particularly interested in constraints imposed on performance evolution by intralocus sexual conflict, and in the relationship between preferred and maximal performance.

What am I going to do with it? I am conducting a meta-analysis of existing performance data, which involves mapping suites of performance traits onto lizard morphospace and fitting a multivariate response surface. This surface can then be used (by everyone!) to predict trade-offs between different types of performance traits in various selective contexts, and to identify regions of morphospace associated with performance peaks and valleys. These areas, and the taxa that occupy them, would thus be of interest in terms of looking for behavioral compensation or other solutions. Conversely, areas of morphospace devoid of extant taxa may be indicative of insurmountable constraints or something even more interesting. Such insights will, I hope, inform more exploratory, experimental and comparative avenues of investigations.

I’m focusing on Anolis in particular to start with, and I’d like to quantify the relationships between the span of extant anole morphology and any and all whole-organism performance traits. But to do this, I need data! Lots and lots of data! And I don’t have enough 🙁 Which means I need your data.

What I need:

 Raw data1 from previously published studies involving performance trait data along with morphological2 measurements for any and all Anolis species would be very useful and much appreciated. The more coverage of morphospace/performance space, the more useful and powerful the model!

If you’ve ever measured any of the following performance traits in anoles, you’ll probably be getting a grovelling email from me, but just in case you have somehow escaped my scrutiny, or don’t want to wait for the grovelling email, here is what I am looking at:

  • bite force
  • sprint speed
  • acceleration
  • endurance
  • exertion
  • maneuverability
  • jumping
  • climbing
  • clinging

Performance data for multiple traits measured in the same individual will be the most informative, but I will also need plenty of data on single performance traits. I have few other standards (as far as this project goes), so anything will be useful!

Thanks so much for reading this far! I sincerely hope this piques your interest and inspires you to share your work with me. I will of course be open to discuss any and all aspects of data-sharing, collaboration and subsequent use or availability of the data. All contributing authors will be acknowledged and papers cited, or whatever else is necessary! If you have anything you would like to contribute please feel free to contact me directly @ acespede@uno.edu.

1 I can use raw data files, in whatever format (e.g., .xls, .txt., .sys, .jpg of a lab notebook or rum-stained bar napkin).

2 I would be happy with anything from SVL-only to comprehensive measurements for individual limb components, toe pad area, etc. Body size and limb measurements are ideal!

(Figure from Sheftel, H., Shoval, O., Mayo, A., Alon, U. 2013. The Geometry of the Pareto front in biological phenotype space. Ecology and Evolution, 3(6): 1471-1483)

X-Ray Oddities in the Bahamas

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We’re back in the Bahamas for our yearly trip monitoring evolution of brown anoles on small islands (most recently reported on a year ago).  These populations were hammered by Hurricanes Irene and Sandy in 2011 and 2012, and are just now recovering. Most exciting to us was one population reduced to two individuals, which seemed to disappear during the course of our visit last year. Had the population gone extinct? No–we’ve found 14 lizards there this far. Hooray.

Part of what we do is capture lizards, bring them back to the field lab, and x-ray them to measure their morphology, to see how morphology changes from one year to the next. And while doing so, we see all kinds of interesting anomalies. For example, check out the left hind leg of this female–she’s missing most of the toes on that foot. Turns out that that lizards lacking the full complement of digits is not very unusual (check out this post from several years ago on more severe mutilations).

But this year we’ve had some more unusual sightings. Check out the left knee of the male below. Clearly, he broke his femur and it grew back oddly. Yet, it works–this guy was fat and sassy. It would seem amazing that a lizard could break its femur and survive, but here’s the proof.healed broken leg

And check out the tail on this guy. Looks wacky, right?

beat up lizard

The x-ray, however, doesn’t do it justice. It’s not only wickedly bent to the side, but also upwards!

Photo by Manuel Leal

Photo by Manuel Leal

Who knows what we’ll find tomorrow?

Proud of My “Browns”

Me in uniform – many years, kilograms and grey hair ago.

Me in uniform – many years, kilograms and grey hair ago.

For many years, most units in the South African Defense Force used a plain medium brown uniform, called nutria. Soldiers commonly referred to it as “browns.” A few years before my national service, the defense force started phasing it out, replacing it with the “Soldier 2000” camouflage design. When I was conscripted to serve in the South African Medical Services (SAMS) in 1993, SAMS was the only unit that completely still used the nutria uniforms, and although not as “modern-looking” as the other uniforms, we developed a sense of pride in our “browns.”

I believe the brown anole (Anolis sagrei) needs little introduction to Anole Annals readers. I am very fortunate to have been able to do my research on the invasive population of these lizards in southwestern Taiwan. I have been a naturalist at heart since a very young age, but these lizards were my introduction to the academic side of natural history, and because of my work on them I have made numerous friends and acquaintances. So, naturally they hold a special place in my heart and mind.

A female brown anole (Anolis sagrei) from my study area in Santzepu, Sheishan District, Chiayi County, southwestern Taiwan.

A female brown anole (Anolis sagrei) from my study area in Santzepu, Sheishan District, Chiayi County, southwestern Taiwan.

Unfortunately these feelings brought a sense of guilt within me. I know all too well that they are an invasive species, which has certain impacts on native species. And yet, it is hard not to marvel at them and their ability to overcome the numerous obstacles they face in this foreign habitat.

The other day, while reading the obituary of Henry S. Fitch (1909-2009) in the 2009 issue of Herpetological Review (40[4]: 393-400), the words of Raymond B. Huey suddenly made it all so clear to me. He described an instance in which he left a meeting at which Henry Fitch was a speaker, with a haunting lesson, “We should do science because we love the process, not because we need to love the results.” I believe that for us who work with invasive species, this is also a message. So now, when I see brown anoles, I no longer have to feel guilty when I do not wish they were rather tree lizards (Japalura spp.) or grass lizards (Takydromus spp.). I admire the “browns” and I find the process of learning about their natural history truly fascinating – I love it! I wonder how many other researchers working on invasive anoles share this sentiment?

Club LizKids – Sign Up Again!

Club LizKids appears to be the new healthcare.gov…

Many of you visited my lab’s website for kids – lizardsandfriends.org – in the past few days, and a good number of you signed up your children to be a member of our Club LizKids email list.  Thanks so much for your interest!  We hope you and your kids will find this to be a fun group.

BUT, in my recent communication with some of you, I’ve learned that only some of the Club LizKids notifications were coming through to me, even though you received a message confirming your submission.  My web developer (the amazing Tara Whittle) jumped right on that, and we’ve now fixed the problem.  So, if you tried to register for LizKids earlier, please do so again!  

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